Archaeological discoveries since 1921 have established that complex societies, as represented by densely-populated walled cities, first arose in North China, not in the South, triggering the development of Chinese civilization. But it remains an open question as to what made the early cradles of civilization emerge. To answer this, Zhiwu Chen of HKU Business School and his team divide China’s landmass into 1,004 grid-cells of 100×100 km, containing 32,946 archaeological sites, 838 walled cities, 157,050 excavated graves and 53,780 military burial goods from both the Neolithic (8000 – 1700 BCE) and the Eastern Zhou (770 – 221 BCE). First, using their large archaeological database, they find that during both the Neolithic and the Late Neolithic (3000 – 1700 BCE), cells with lower terrain ruggedness had both more weaponry objects buried in the excavated graves and more walled cities. To the extent that warfare must have figured heavily in human lives in order for the locals to care so much as to carrying weapons into their graves, war threats and the early cradles of civilization must have been linked as weaponry grave goods have mostly been discovered in flatter regions along the Yellow and the Yangtze River valleys. Since no historical data on military conflicts is available for the periods prior to 770 BCE, their analysis then focuses on the Eastern Zhou, for which they find cells with flatter terrains to have had significantly more wars, which caused these cells to form more fortified cities. During this Quantitative History Webinar, Zhiwu Chen will explain how their quantitative evidence indicates that warfare played a significant role in the formation of Chinese civilization. The process began in the North, particularly in the alluvial plains, where the flat terrain made the local populations more vulnerable to war threats. Consequently, they engaged in extensive defensive fortification.