How are humanitarian organizations regulated? This lecture explores a dynamic process of legal reform taking place in India, where nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and nonprots involved in social welfare are increasingly monitored by new laws, and advocacy groups strive to affect change through legal reform. As states tighten regulations, issue stricter governance procedures, and implement new nancial requirements for NGOs, civil society groups aggressively denounce restrictive regulation and demand laws enabling voluntary sector work. The opening of India’s economy has inspired the revision of legislation governing charitable trusts, societies, and nonprot organizations. Many nonprots that work in humanitarianism and development are funded by foreign donations, and they face increased scrutiny under revised laws. Meanwhile, a new corporate social responsibility tax has been instituted for large companies to facilitate their contribution to development and social welfare work. These regulatory shifts recongure essential categories of humanitarian action, such as charitable purpose and national interest, and alter how state agencies and multiple publics engage with humanitarian work.